The Foundations of Whiteheads Philosophy of Education :: Science Learning Papers

The Foundations of whiteheads Philosophy of EducationThe inspiration for this paper comes from the Fiftieth Anniversary of the death of Alfred North Whitehead and the theme of this Congress. In Aims of Education, Whitehead describes the role of freedom and limitation in the educational process. The foundations of these concepts, and important clues to their application, can be found in his general metaphysical framework outlined in Process and Reality. Positive and negative prehensions seem to be the model for freedom and limitation hence, the latter concept implies the discipline of inwrought aim. This analysis supports an interpretation of the mutual complementarity of freedom and discipline, with obvious applications to the educational process. Published initially in 1929, Alfred North Whiteheads The Aims of Education is certainly not a peeled book. However, since last year marked the 50th anniversary of Whiteheads death as well as my preparations for this dry land Congress, t he general theme of which is paidaia, it seemed the fitting moment to read this classic and reflect once more upon its inspiring insights and timeless wisdom. The Aims of Education is really a set of essays first composed as lectures. Whitehead delivered these lectures at Cambridge, England, and at Harvard University between the years 1912 and 1928. His stated purpose was to protest against dead knowledge. (AE, v) Perhaps these protests ought to continue into our own generation, but I hesitate. I am apprehensive that one of the casualties of any success in such protests might well be Whitehead himself, for the abstract, general nature of his thought has always been a dispute to professional philosophers and nearly incomprehensible to young school of thought students. Nevertheless, pondering Whiteheads thought has always been, in my opinion, well worth the effort for those who persevere. The third chapter of The Aims of Education, entitled The cadent Claims of Freedom and Discip line, is where I find the essence of Whiteheads educational philosophy. This philosophy, I shall argue, is simply a reiteration in educational language of the core principles of his general philosophy as stated in Process and Reality and in Science and the Modern World.Let us begin with the term value. Science and the Modern World provides us with an earlier interpretation of this notion. Here Whitehead explains that Value is the word I use for the intrinsic reality of an event. (SMW, 93) Now an event for Whitehead constitutes a key datum of reality.

Africans in Colonial Mexico Essay -- Research Papers Anthropology

Africans in compound Mexico The history of Africans in Mexico is an oft-neglected facet of the cultural complexities of that country. In 1519, Hernando Cortes brought 6 African slaves with him to Mexico these individuals served the subjection as personal servants, carriers, and laborers.1 In the years to come, slavery would become a critical component of the compound economy with approximately 2,000 slaves arriving each year 1580-1650 it is estimated that a total of 200,000 Africans were brought to Mexico during the colonial period.2 granted this large number of slaves, the lengthy period of their importation, and the inevitable mixing of races, which took place throughout the colony, the historical and cultural significance of bozales, criollos, mulattoes, and zambos is far-reaching. The colonial period provides an excellent beginning place for an examination of the significance of these groups not only because the institution of African slavery was introduced to New Spain a t that time, but likewise because the regular influx of autochthonal Africans combined with the close attention paid to color-based castas in official records allows historians to trace the influence of African culture more pronto during that period.The early years of colonial Mexico were a time of great change, as the native Indian populations were decimated by disease and increasingly dominated by the Spanish social and economic structure. low the encomienda system, the initial flood of Spanish immigrants were provided with a support structure in New Spain, as the Indians land and labor were swan at their disposal in exchange for moral guidance.3 As Spain sought to reap the benefits of its new colony, the need for dependable labor in Mexicos agr... ...Andrew L. sensationalistic Fever and the Late colonial Public Health Response in the Port of Veracruz. Hispanic American Historical Review 77, no. 4 (1997) 619-644. 6. Love, Edgar F. negro Resistance to Spanish radiat ion diagram in Colonial Mexico. The Journal of Negro History 52, no. 2 (1967) 89-103. 7. MacLachlan, Colin M. and Jamie E. Rodriguez O. The Forging of the Cosmic Race A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico. Berkeley University of California Press, 1980. 8. Meyer, Michael C., et al. The Course of Mexican History, 7th ed. New York Oxford University Press, 2003. 9. Palmer, Colin A. Slaves of the White God Blacks in Mexico, 1570-1650. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1976. 10. Richmond, Douglas. The Legacy of African Slavery in Colonial Mexico, 1519-1810. Journal of democratic Culture 35, no. 2 (2001) 1-17. Africans in Colonial Mexico Essay -- Research Papers AnthropologyAfricans in Colonial Mexico The history of Africans in Mexico is an oft-neglected facet of the cultural complexities of that country. In 1519, Hernando Cortes brought 6 African slaves with him to Mexico these individuals served the conquest as personal servants, carriers, and laborers. 1 In the years to come, slavery would become a critical component of the colonial economy with approximately 2,000 slaves arriving each year 1580-1650 it is estimated that a total of 200,000 Africans were brought to Mexico during the colonial period.2 Given this large number of slaves, the lengthy period of their importation, and the inevitable mixing of races, which took place throughout the colony, the historical and cultural significance of bozales, criollos, mulattoes, and zambos is far-reaching. The colonial period provides an excellent starting place for an examination of the significance of these groups not only because the institution of African slavery was introduced to New Spain at that time, but also because the regular influx of native Africans combined with the close attention paid to color-based castas in official records allows historians to trace the influence of African culture more readily during that period.The early years of colonial Mexico were a time of grea t change, as the native Indian populations were decimated by disease and increasingly dominated by the Spanish social and economic structure. Under the encomienda system, the initial flood of Spanish immigrants were provided with a support structure in New Spain, as the Indians land and labor were put at their disposal in exchange for moral guidance.3 As Spain sought to reap the benefits of its new colony, the need for dependable labor in Mexicos agr... ...Andrew L. Yellow Fever and the Late Colonial Public Health Response in the Port of Veracruz. Hispanic American Historical Review 77, no. 4 (1997) 619-644. 6. Love, Edgar F. Negro Resistance to Spanish Rule in Colonial Mexico. The Journal of Negro History 52, no. 2 (1967) 89-103. 7. MacLachlan, Colin M. and Jamie E. Rodriguez O. The Forging of the Cosmic Race A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico. Berkeley University of California Press, 1980. 8. Meyer, Michael C., et al. The Course of Mexican History, 7th ed. New York Oxford University Press, 2003. 9. Palmer, Colin A. Slaves of the White God Blacks in Mexico, 1570-1650. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1976. 10. Richmond, Douglas. The Legacy of African Slavery in Colonial Mexico, 1519-1810. Journal of Popular Culture 35, no. 2 (2001) 1-17.

A Farewell To Arms By Ernest Hemingway :: Free Essay Writer

A Farewell To Arms written by Ernest Hemingway illustrates a true love story between two people, this love story plays out in a war torn Italy during world war I, where Italy was battling Austria, the novels main characters, deputy sheriff Fredrick Henry an American ambulance driver serving in the Italian army and Catherine Barkley an English volunteer nurse who served in Italy. The novel portrays Henry as a drunk who traveled from one house of prostitution to the next, he was not happy with his lifestyle. Henry feels detached from life and is on a quest for identification, he gives a particular insight about how he feels about women clear, cold and dry. Henry loved to play the role of a womanizer. He is separate from his family and compatriots. He is an American fighting a war in another country. In my opinion Henry is emotionally exhausted and it appears he has no business office to go. Henry meets Catherine Barkley, near the front between Italy and Austria-Hungary. Catherine suffered during this war before she met Henry. Catherine had lost her fianc during this war. She was startled by rain in her nightmares. She perceived rain as death. At first Henry wanted to seduce the nurse, to him it was a game, he had told the nurse that he loved her, but she had caught on to his game. Catherine confronted Henry and told him what she thought of his game. He was soberly wounded on one of his runs. Henry was sent to the American hospital where Catherine worked. That is where he actually began to fall in love with her. He fully healed and returned to the war-front, during a retreat the Italians started to fall apart. Henry shot an engineer sergeant under his command for dereliction, later in the confusion Henry is arrested by the involution police for the crime of not being Italian. He is disgusted with the army and facing death at the hands of the battle police during questioning. Henry refractory he has had enough of the war, he ran into the river to escape. A fter swimming to safety, Henry boards a train to reunite with his love Catherine whom is pregnant with his child. Here is where he meets with an Italian barkeep who will help him escape to Switzerland by boat. Henry and Catherine plan to get married soon after the baby is born.

Spears or Mozart :: Music Compositions Composers Singers Essays

Spears or Mozart_Consider, for instance, single of Mozarts compositions, one that is retained stably in our concert repertoire... The doggedness with which a Mozart symphony reappears in our concert programmes is solely a consequence of its high selection value. In order for this to retain the effect, the work must be played again and again, the public must take note of it, and it must be continually re-evaluated in competition with other compositions.(Dennett, 348)_The first thought to lift in my mind after digesting the above passage was this Mozart achieved notability and longevity in the field of music, and so did pop queen Britney Spears. The thought continued to curse me. Use of the phrase concert repertoire is easily applicable to Britney. She performs music in a concert to an audience that adores her. They may be twelve-year-old girls and infatuated boys, except she keeps them as fans as her career progresses. Is this solely a consequence of high selection value? Britney s public continues to take note of her, a requirement for persistence. The receiving set ensures that the work is repeatedly played to obtain the desired effect of inebriation and subsequently enforced pleasure. _According to Dennett, permanency is acquired when human conservators prevent a piece of refinement from a fate that means, to dissolve in time. We all long for immortality, do we not? If a genie appeared and informed us we had three wishes, would not one of them be for something like fame, fortune, or immortality? Mozart has been conserved because of his selection value, because people have enjoyed his music and continue to enjoy it and deem it worthy of reputable celebrity. Britney Spears has achieved a interchangeable preservation because her public has deemed her in possession of a high selection value, but does she warrant the reputable celebrity we give to Mozart? _Once her public turns away from her, Spears will dissolve in the minds eye. The same could someday occ ur to Mozart. Can we study Mozart and Spears under the same lens with the same rules? Dennett believes we have competitions that rage through a human mind (359). Competitions take place to achieve a high selection value, to gain longevity. There are memes that fight to occupy our attention, and somewhere at heart of us there is something pulling on us to decide what we like or do not like, what we undertake for or do not strive for.

Essay --

Schroeder 1Hunter SchroederMs. CaturanoHonors English 9January 2013Independent Reading ConnectionsConnection Going to Extremes For LoveThe Hunger Games is set in world called Panem that was once America, before the Capitol was overcome in some unexplained, apocalyptic war. As punishment for that aggression, the remains were divided into 12 districts. Every year separately district has to send one boy and one girl between 12 and 18 years old, chosen by lottery, to compete in a nationally televised event called the Hunger Games. The purpose of this is to create a mass killing spree with only one survivor. What really twists this storyline is when two tributes from the equivalent district fall in love and fight to protect apiece other until they are the last ones left in the games. The two go to utmost(a) measures to keep one another out of danger. Youre still trying to protect me. Real or not real, he whispers. Real, I answer. Because thats what you and I do, protect each other (Su zanne Collins, The Hunger Games). Because the hunger games is such a gruesome event, the things Katniss and Peeta did for each other arent typical things couples would give up for eachother. These two would share supplies and weapons along with firing as far as killing off an attacking enemy. Seeing how far Katniss and Peeta were willing to go to be with each other gave me a go understanding of why Romeo and Juliet fought to never let anything get in between them. Even though Romeo is a Montague and Juliet is a Capulet and the two families have an ancient disceptation they did not let that stand in the way of being with each other. O Romeo, Romeo Wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy mention Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, ... ...ena. You love me. Real or not real? I tell him, Real. (Suzanne Collins, The Hunger Games). Even though Katniss and Peeta are so young, they truly believe that they are in love. This changes my opinion of Romeo and Juliet and leads me to believe that they really could have been in love so young. Romeo and Juliet were a continent 13 and 14 when they claimed to fall madly in love and get married, but this was around the normal sweep uping age for that time period. But, soft what light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun (Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet). In this time period, young people were very romantically mature and knew about love and did not just marry anyone because there was no such thing as divorce. This makes me think that Romeo and Juliet may have been in love and people were just very critical because the were of equalise families.

James Joyces Araby - Lack of Insight in Araby :: Joyce Dubliners Araby Essays

Araby Lack of Insight Readers of Araby often focus on the last-place scene as the key to the story. They assume the boy experiences some profound insight roughly himself when he gazes up into the darkness. I believe, however, that the boy sees nothing and learns nothing--either about himself or others. Hes not self- reflective hes merely self-absorbed. The evidence supporting this interpretation is the imagery of blindness and the ironic point of view of the narrator. There can come along to be a profound insight at the end of the story only if we empathize with the boy and adopt his point of view. In other words, we moldiness assume that the young boy is narrating his own story. But if the real narrator is the grown man looking back at his early adolescence, then it becomes possible to evidence the narrative as ironic and to see the boy as confused and blind. The story opens and closes with images of blindness. The street is blind with an uninhabited house at the blind end. A s he spies on Mangans sister, from his own house, the boy intentionally limits what he is able to see by lowering the blind until it is only an inch from the window sash. At the bazaar in the closing scene, the light was out, and the upper part of the hall was completely dark. The boy is left gazing up into the darkness, seeing nothing but an interior torment that burns his eyes. This pattern of imagery includes images of reading, and reading stands for the boys inability to understand what is before his eyes. When he tries to read at night, for example, the girls image comes between him and the page, in effect blinding him. In fact, he seems blind to everything except this image of the brown-clad figure cast by his imagination. The girls brown-clad figure is also associated with the houses on blind due north Richmond Street, with their brown imperturbable faces. The houses stare back at the boy, unaffected by his presence and gaze. The most important face he tries and fails to re ad belongs to Mangans sister. His exposition of her and interpretation of the few words she says to him can be seen as further evidence of his blindness. He sees only what he wants to see, the image he has in his minds eye.

James Joyces Araby - Lack of Insight in Araby :: Joyce Dubliners Araby Essays

Araby Lack of Insight Readers of Araby often focus on the final scene as the key to the story. They assume the boy experiences nearly profound insight about himself when he gazes up into the darkness. I believe, however, that the boy sees nothing and learns nothing--either about himself or others. Hes not self- reflective hes merely self-absorbed. The evidence musical accompaniment this interpretation is the imagery of blindness and the ironic point of view of the narrator. There can seem to be a profound insight at the ending of the story only if we empathize with the boy and adopt his point of view. In other words, we must assume that the young boy is narrating his own story. But if the original narrator is the grown man looking back at his early adolescence, then it becomes possible to read the narrative as ironic and to see the boy as confused and blind. The story opens and closes with images of blindness. The street is blind with an uninhabited house at the blind end. As he spies on Mangans sister, from his own house, the boy intentionally limits what he is able to see by lowering the blind until it is only an inch from the window sash. At the bazaar in the closing scene, the light was out, and the upper function of the hall was completely dark. The boy is left gazing up into the darkness, seeing nothing but an inner torment that burns his eyes. This pattern of imagery includes images of reading, and reading stands for the boys inability to understand what is before his eyes. When he tries to read at night, for example, the girls image comes between him and the page, in effect blinding him. In fact, he seems blind to everything pretermit this image of the brown-clad figure cast by his imagination. The girls brown-clad figure is also associated with the houses on blind North Richmond Street, with their brown imperturbable faces. The houses stare back at the boy, unaffected by his presence and gaze. The most important face he tries and fails to rea d belongs to Mangans sister. His description of her and interpretation of the few words she says to him can be seen as further evidence of his blindness. He sees only what he wants to see, the image he has in his minds eye.

7-Eleven Casestudy

INTRODUCTION The ability to respond quickly to the ever-changing marketplace is paramount to the success of most professiones. The convenience-store industry is a highly competitive one and 7-Elevens ability to become a leader market leader appears to be based on the companys ability to quickly respond to the rapidly changing tastes and needs of the market. 7-Eleven has not always enjoyed success, especially in the 1980s when things got really bad for the company. Helped, however, arrived in the nisus of Ito-Yokado (the companys Japanese Licensee).Ito-Yokado revamped the entire retailing approach of the company by introducing an innovative approach to retailing which, along with the aid of technologically move systems, significantly impacted 7-Elevens success. ANALYSIS Ito-Yokados innovative approach to retailing is known as tanpin kanri or item-by-item management, a business approach that revolves around the following 1. Carefully tracking and paying attention to the fine detail s of the buying preferences of customers 2. Allowing the customers tastes and shopping habits to dictate the merchandises that are carried in 7-eleven stores. -Eleven has been equal to simplify the process of tracking and paying very(prenominal) close attention to the shopping habits of their shoppers by using the info systems installed in all of their stores. USING engineering TO IMPACT SUPPLY CHAIN VISIBILITY, VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY applied science plays a vital role in 7-Elevens supply chain. The companys state-of-the-art information systems appear to have reduced the companys supply chain risks by increasing visibility, while reducing variability and uncertainty. fork over range Visibility Supply Chain visibility is the ability to access relevant supply chain information.Thanks to cutting-edge technology, like the Mobile Operations terminal or MOT, 7-Eleven knows the exact amount of idiosyncraticist items that are sold in each of its 5,800 North American stores o n a daily basis. Another technology the MC3000 hand-held scanner lets the company collect data on items as they come off delivery trucks- increasing the companys visibility on a real-time basis. 7-Elevens supply chain visibility has been greatly impacted by technology as it allows the company to better predict, with great accuracy, the number of individual SKUs that each store will sell. Supply Chain VariabilitySupply chain variability involves volatility in the flow of goods and services in a supply chain. By having the right systems in place, 7-Elevens supply chain variability appears to have significantly decreased. The MOT system at 7-Eleven, for example, allows stores to better forecast the number of individual SKUs, resulting in decreased storage and spoilage costs and the elimination of potential bullwhip or snowball effects. MOT has also slashed the amount of time and undertaking that it takes to count inventory and to order new products, causing an improvement in company efficiency and a decrease in variability.Supply chain uncertainty Supply chain uncertainty occurs when decision makers do not know what to base their decisions on (due to a lack of proper information). 7-Eleven store managers used to color cipher information manually physically keep track of frozen sandwiches by their written expiration dates and would sometimes make sandwiches on the premise when instructed by incarnate management. Information systems now allow stores to accurately forecast the number of stock/items that need to be replenished, resulting in significantly reduced uncertainty. THE BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY AT 7-ELEVENTechnology has compete a crucial role in increasing 7-Elevens profitability and market share. The hundreds of millions of dollars that the company has invested in technology in the past decade appear to be paying dividends in the following ways Increased profitability Last year, the store reported $12. 2 billion in revenues Increased share prices party stocks have soared above $30, since trading for less than $6 in early 2003. Consecutive sales increases The company boasts 35 consecutive quarters of same-store sales increases Technology plays a crucial role in the gathering, analyzing and distribution of information at 7-eleven.While other convenience stores chains have just gotten around to POS scanning, 7-Eleven has item-by-item information gathering systems that assist in day-to-day decision making. 7-Elevens retail information system or RIS provides timely sales data that enables stores to tailor their product assortments to meet the demands of their customers, reducing the risks involved in introducing new products ( due to the availability of sales data within 24 hours of a products introduction). The 7-exchange data system for category management, which suppliers access online, provides insights that can lead to new products or product packaging.The information on this system can even alert suppliers to a potential or misse d opportunity. 7-Elevens has opened its doors to small suppliers through its Web Vendor terminal. Suppliers who cannot afford EDI use this to communicate with the company and accept orders for very specific items like ethnic items or the self-serve espresso in a Manhattan store 7-ELEVENS BUSINESS STRATEGY The driving force behind 7-Elevens success appears to be the companys ability to execute a Customer Intimacy strategy.Customer intimacy involves targeting specific market segments, then tailoring offerings that meet the demands of these segments. Companies that outperform at this are known to 1. combine detailed customer knowledge with operational flexibility (so they can respond quickly to fulfil the needs of their customers) 2. ceaselessly tailor and shape their products and services (in order to fit their customers). According to Keith Morrows, 7-Elevens CIO and VP of information systems, decisions about what should be in the store are best do at the store, at the moment of t ruth, by people in the store, on a real-time basis.This allows the company to shape their stores around the customers day-to-day habits, instead of basing company decisions on focus groups, marketing research or non-scientific guesses. Pursuing a Customer Intimacy strategy can be expensive 7-Eleven spent $93 million on technology as the company installed new HP servers, wireless LAN, computer-based training software and new club system for fresh foods. Customer intimate companies, however, are willing to spend in order to build long-term customer loyalty that provides lifetime revalue to the company.

Engaging with God: A Biblical Theology of Worship Essay

As is well known, the urge to worship is an innate drive of homokind. Through the ages, people from any walks of life have appealed to a deity for assistance, protection, and salvation. Then, through various ceremonies of praise and thanksgiving, countless societies have expressed appreciation for the bounties of life. Further, chapter seven blatantly stresses that the caprice during the antediluvian times in building the church and the assembly of the people for service to God has been a consistent aim in providing the needs of humankind in the almost spiritual sense of sagacity.As the Roman Empire crumbled and Christianity ascended, early Christians adopted the basilica as a temple for worship, adapting a secular dwelling house to phantasmal needs. The dominance of its form and the dignity of its purpose in accommodating the liturgical needs of the Church seem to have appropriately reflected the triumph of Christianity. however Pauls use of the word justification has been greatly misunderstood in contemporary theology. For Paul, justification does not denote an event or parade by which one is saved.Justification is not so much about soteriology as about ecclesiology. Its far more concerned with discerning who is in rather than the process through which one gets in. Justification is concerned about how one can discern who is a member of the covenant family. Faith is the tag of covenant membership, not some amour someone performs as a kind of initiation test. The law court is the metaphorical mean through which the covenant purposes of God be fulfilled.Some people may even call God different names but the level ground that all these people have is the whim in something higher than the mortal soul. Although some may refute this as merely assumptions but investigating the self clearly, there is this certain uncertainty of cosmos a mortal, of being a mere human being. However, this may be beside the superlative. Religious tolerance can not only promote appreciation for different religions but it could also stop religious conflicts.People have tendencies on neglecting what is basic on the Commandments of God, it on love thy neighbors and if this love would necessitate tolerance and then peaceful interactions could be attained. However, Paul remained in the belief that through the structure of the church, and the gathering of the people in edification, what is seemingly important in such scenario is the idea that these individuals come together in the light of praising Godthat whatever it is that may have possibly been different within each other, is not a hindrance to praise one God and spread the word to humankind in that instance.Moreover, incorporating certain characteristics of Greek architecture, but often surpassing it structurally, the ancient Roman temple was likewise a magnificent work of stone visually representing the important role of religion in society.Reflecting the values of secular society, the Roman basi lica, a court building and meeting hall, similarly evolved into an imposing form, also prominently situated, while the exterior of the Classical civic temple projected monumentality appropriate for a central public building, the interior, with its spatial organization of narthex, nave, and chancel, echoed solemnity of important functions, including religious ceremonies. Rows of columns defining side aisles adjacent to the nave effused dignity of purpose while rhythmically lamentable the eye forward to the chancel with its sacred altar.Review on Chapter Nine What is going on around them, in the social and political life of their personnel of false religion? In most part of the world, Jesus Christ is not a stranger in concept and in fame. Some books in the Holy Bible were even devoted to discussing and retelling the life of Jesus Christ. It could be seen then that the main writers or proponents regarding the accounting of Jesus life and works were write by Matthew, Mark, Luke and J ohn. Few words ar as deeply freighted as religion, and few raise so many questions.If the first is What is the meaning of life? others obey rapidly. At the pedestrian level of empirical discourse, some obvious ones arise. Is religion one or several? If the latter, what do they have in communal, and why are there so many of them? How did they arise? Why are they so different? What has determined their content and their demographic boundaries? What distinguishes religion or religions from other types of human conduct? Why do particular religions emerge and disappear? Is religion a social phenomenon or a property of individuals?Are all individuals religious? Is religion a delusory form of wishful thinking or a kind of understanding? Is it an unavoidable aspect of human existence or a characteristic of one phase of human history? To all these questions and more, different people will give different answers, but one thing is certain the answers we give on the empirical level will dep end on the way we conceive of our humanity. In the light, religion came to designate something apparently common to all peoples their avowal that they were obligated by supernatural powers to act in certain ways.But beyond that vague similarity, the term had no specific content. organized religion was only real, observable, and meaningful in its concrete instances, Latin polytheism, Judaism, Catholicism, Lutheranism, and so forth, and that rich meaning was provided by the adherents of each of those religions themselves. Religion had no ontological status beyond that of a convenient term to point to an amazing variety of real, but mutually contradictory, sets of beliefs about gods or god and the conduct by which they were expressed.One of the most notable conflicts that have been debated by many scholars since the medieval ages is the controversy regarding the place of philosophy and religion in a society. The two have been used to polish each other in order to uphold their own cred ibility. The study of Philosophy is directed towards the speculation of the things that govern the world and its processes, and the nature of man and his kin with other individuals as well as with the world (Gasset, 1964). Philosophy attempts to scrutinize and make rational explication of almost everything that can be grasped by the human mind.Yet, it does not really provide sufficient and concrete answers to all its queries. Religion, on the other hand, focuses its scope on explaining things and phenomena that cannot be explained by science and at some point even those that cannot really be made explicit by philosophy. It tries to give reason for everything that is happening. Its justification for every reason that it provides is primarily founded on faith (Nasr, 1996). Hence, by faith, it need not be verifiable. A strong faith or believe could suffice ones doubt and hesitation.

Short History of Mass Comm

A Short History of Mass Communication Theory Paradigm results is a conjecture that summarizes and is consistent with all known facts and this often leads to a paradigm shift a fundamental, even radical, rethinking of what we believe to be true (Kuhn, 1970). Mass conference theory is a particulary open to such a paradigm shifts due to 3 factors 1. Advances in technology or the introduction of new media. 2. Calls for control or regulatiin of these new technologies require. 3.As a country commited to protecting democracy and cultural pluralism. These factors produced 4 major eras of mass communication theory A. The era of mass society theory B. The era of scientific perspective C. The era of limited effects of theory D. The era of cultural theory A. THE ERA OF MASS SOCIETY THEORY During the foster half of 19th century and the first decades of 20th century mass circulation newspaper and magazines, movies, talkies, and radio all came to prominence at this time.The countrys nonviolent rural nature was beginning to slip further into history, Industrialization and urbanization is spread. The media needed to be controlled to protect traditional values and to prevent similar abuses at home. The resulting paradigm was mass society theory, the idea that the media are corrupting influences that undermine the social order and that average people are defenseless against their influence. The fundamental impudence of this paradigm is expressed in the hypodermic needle theory or magic bullet theory.Mass society theory is an example of grand theory, one designed to describe and explain all aspects of a given phenomenon. Media did have effects, often good ones. B. THE ERA OF THE SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE Scientist determined that different factors led some(prenominal) people to be influenced and others not (Lowery & DeFleur, 1995) The researcher had benefit of advances in survey research, polling, and other social scientific methods developed and championed by Austrian immigra nt Paul Lazarsfeld.

Napoleon

sleep I was born on the French island of Corsica on the 15th of August 1769. Trained in the art of war at army academies in France, little did his supervisors know at that time that one day, this young officer was going to rise up the ranks in the army to become a General, play an important part in the French Revolution by being at the forefront of effective military operations against the First & moment Coalitions, then overthrow the same revolutionary government he helped install (1799), rule over France as First Consul and then Emperor(1804-1815) and by cleverly crafted wars and policy-making alignments, hold offices and titles as diverse, but equally powerful, as King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, therefrom effectively becoming the earn of much of Mainland Europe. His military and political actions entailed significant influence on European History for years to come. 1Following expansionary policies, from 1800 -1810, the French armed forces were engaged in flip battles against and/or in the social unit of Europe. catnaps military and political prowess earned him a dominating influence over much of mainland Europe. His tactful masterpieces at battle of Austerlitz and Friedland established his military power and forced alliances with weaker states, unwilling to stand up to the fury of his armies. He further consolidated his position by installing members of his family and close-fitting associates as the rulers of all states under(a) French influence, with himself as supreme commander. 2However, piles success story was halted by the catastrophic expedition sent to conquer Russia in 1812. He was away smarted by the retreating Russians and when he ordered a retreat following the conquest of Moscow, he ensured the destruction beyond resurrection of his own Grande Arme.The powers that formed the sixth Coalition inflicted on him another resounding defeat at Leipzig in 1813, and subsequentl y stepped foot on French soil. Surrounded by the assail armies, Napoleon vacated office in April 1814, and was forcefully exiled to the island of Elba. However, refusing to admit defeat, he returned to France, established himself as ruler and proceeded to fight against his foes. However, his endeavors had limited success and he was finally defeated at the battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815. He was exiled again to the uninhabited island of St. Helena where he died a quiet man in 1821. 3Although Napoleon spent a lifetime on the battle field and his military conquests provide ample proof of his intelligence as a general, originality of technique was lacking at his end. He is credited though with the concept of fusing artillery into batteries and rearranging the military hierarchy to ensure that requirement of each core in the army was met adequately. These have become generally accepted principles in modern warfare. To this day, the Napoleonic wars are the subject of scholarly and ac ademic study around the world. History remembers him for his military conquests and for his development of a bureaucratic structure (the Napoleonic Code), still followed in present day French. 4Effects that Napoleon had on FranceIn my opinion, the Napoleonic era proved healthy for France as Napoleon himself was a populist leader and developed the French armed forces into a mighty military machine.Governing FranceThe French vote largely sided with Napoleon and approved of his actions. By the year 1804, Napoleon had established himself as unrivaled in power and authority in all of France. Realizing that the only way he could continue to consolidate his position was through garnering populist support he continued the radical reform process while slowly tightening his snatch on the political machinery. Although there was no single authority in the French state and all laws were make by an elected internal f adequate (the lower house elected, the upper house appointed), Napoleon ensur ed that the weight age of power remained tilted towards him by choosing friendly elected candidates to the upper tier of the National Assembly. Since all laws were made by the Assemblies, Napoleon had considerable influence on all matters. 5Napoleonic CodeThe Napoleonic Code was a law passed by the Napoleon administration that balanced, modernized, restructured, expanded and consolidated some of the previous reforms into a single source document. The code proclaimed the equal standing of all citizens and familiarity to practice ones religion of choice and labor mobility. However, some of the driving points of the revolution were left out of this code and in many places the interests of the common man were made subordinate to the interests of the state. Some laws, including those which guaranteed the rights of females and infants/children, were also repealed. 6French Economy and societyNapoleon understood that to finance his war machinery, he needed adequate finances and thus enshr ined in law that all citizens pay taxes to the national exchequer. His policies helped reduce the level of inflation and ensured that a more just and equal distribution of income and wealth could be brought about. Thus, he abolished feudalism and introduced land reforms in turn increasing peasant land ownership. Furthermore, he ensured that the peasants were rid of their obligations to the Catholic Church as he settled the differences of the Vatican and the French State. On the other hand, the nobles were given freedom to rule over their respective lands as long as they plead political, economic and military fealty to Napoleon. Dedication to the French State and its principles of hard and honest work were acknowledged through the introduction of the Legion of Honor (1802) which remains the highest civil and military pillage in the Modern French State.Changes to educationEducation also saw attention from Napoleon and soon reform was introduced in this sector too. Government live on schools were set up and the curriculum standardized. The schools advocated radical love for the country and the state. The schooling system was divided amongst the primary, secondary, military and technical schools. Although primary education remained more or less the same, the rest of the schooling system advocated discipline, unity and faith along with a strong emphasis on military training. 7The Catholic ChurchNapoleon understood that although the people had strong associations with religion, reform was also the need of the hour. Therefore, he tried to find a balance between the enshrined laws of the church and his new laws. In 1801, he signed a Concordat with the Vatican thus ending the long lasting feud between the state and the Catholic Church. The agreement changed the way Bishops were chosen. antecedently elected, they would now be appointed by the French government. No one but the pope would yield influence over them. In return, the Church end its demand that all materia l interests taken under custody or destroyed by the revolution be returned or compensated for. 8Building and roadsNapoleon understood that a strong infrastructure would greatly help him in war. Therefore, finances were used in the development of roads, bridges and canals to facilitate the bowel movement of troops and goods from the rural areas to the urban centers. At the same time, to signify his own glory, Paris underwent a huge beautification program under which the existing buildings were renovated, new ones were erected and mingled monuments were put up to signify the greatness of Napoleon and the revolution. 9It would be harsh to judge Napoleon as a dictator for it can be inferred that a good number of his measures were aimed at improving the affairs of the common French lot. While many of his measures were unjust, one can argue that they were the need of the hour to entertain the revolution and ensure the establishment of a republic. However, his appointment of himself as emperor negates this view.France fought wars on different fronts from 1792 to 1815 in order to ensure the continuity and survival of the revolution, under threat from the armies of other European monarchist powers, afraid that revolution in France would encourage populist uprising in their own empires. Napoleons skill and expertise ensured that the invading powers were kept at bay for as long as possible given the inherent limitations of any country.At its peak, the French empire spanned the whole of Mainland Europe. The whole area, from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the very borders of Russia was controlled by Paris. Moreover, Napoleon exported the ideology of the French revolution to all areas under French control. 10His measures included freedom of religion, an end to serfdom, and defecation the grip of the Catholic Church on the state. The Napoleonic Code also found itself being implemented in other countries as the source law. However, contingency can strike anytime. N apoleon invaded Russia and despite his hopes of defeating the Russians quickly, saw himself engaged in a long and draining fight with the retreating Russian soldiers.Napoleon was forced to by-line the retreating army deep inside Russian soil and when he finally managed to win Moscow, the gravity of the situation dawned on him. He understood that maintaining a fort in war torn Russia was impossible and ordered a retreat and this decision co incided with the Russian winter, known for its ferocity. The climate and the shortages of food and shelter took the lives of many soldiers while the remaining fell prey to the resurgent Russian military. Despite all his attempts to resurrect his powerful military machine, Napoleon soon found out that time was not on his side and was soon forced to abdicate following the conquest of Paris in 1814 by the Coalition powers. 11The years from the hold up of the revolution to the abdication of Napoleon have had a marked effect on France in particular a nd Europe in general. He introduced equality and legal expert throughout the lands he governed and even though France returned to having an emperor, the new King had limited power. Napoleons wars were followed by the concept of nationalism in Europe that helped shape the future Geo political landscape. In my opinion, the Napoleonic years had a resounding effect on European history and although some of his actions are controversial, it can be argued that he was able to help France move towards a republic. 12ReferencesBaily, J.T. Herbert. Napoleon. capital of the United Kingdom The Cranford Press, 1908.Bainesville, Jacques. Napoleon. 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(London Harper Collins Publishers, 1971). 111 4 Chandler, David G. The Campaigns of Napoleon. (New York Scribner, 1966). 126 5 Bergeron, Louise. France Under Napoleon. (Princeton Princeton University Press, 1990). 225 6 Baily, J.T. Herbert. Napoleon. (London The Cranford Press, 1908). 26 7 Castelot, Andre. Napoleon. (New York Harper and Row, 1968). 68 8 Connell y, Owen. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era. (Fort Worth Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1991). 91 9 Connelly, Owen. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era. (Fort Worth Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1991). 123. 10 Cronin, Vincent. Napoleon. (London Harper Collins Publishers, 1971). 73 11 Geyl, Pieter. Napoleon For and Against. (London Jonathan Cape, 1957). 58 12 Baily, J.T. Herbert. Napoleon. (London The Cranford Press, 1908). 192